V začetku oktobra 2018 sem bil en teden na Finskem, v univerzitetnem mestu Joensuu, kjer smo udeleženci izobraževanja spoznavali finski šolski sistem in šolske sisteme nekaterih evropskih držav, iz katerih so prihajali udeleženci. Spoznal sem zanimive ljudi iz Španije, Grčije, s Švedske in Poljske. Rdeča nit izobraževanja je bilo vključevanje otrok s posebnimi potrebami v običajne razrede – prilagoditve, ki jih pri tem uporabljajo, zaposleni, ki se v šoli dodatno ukvarjajo s tem ipd.
Nedelja, 7. oktober
Že na cesti pred šolo smo se udeleženci srečali in na hitro spoznali. Pri vhodu nas je pričakal gostitelj g. Esa Rӓty, ki je ravnatelj višje srednje šole v Joensuuju. V uvodu smo spoznali nekaj zanimivosti o Finski in njihovem šolskem sistemu ter preizkusili značilne jedi posameznih držav. Z mano je na Finsko odletela domača orehova potica in večini je bila zelo všeč. Sledilo je interaktivno predavanje, v katerem smo bili izzvani, da naš šolski sistem primerjamo s finskim. Skupaj s specialno pedagoginjo smo delali vaje in spoznali različne prilagoditve za učence s posebnimi potrebami. Veliko smo imeli tudi neformalnih, prijateljskih pogovorov, kar je zelo pomembno. Izbrane zanimivosti: financiranje finskih šol poteka v celoti iz državnega in občinskega proračuna. Učenci imajo vse brezplačno, tudi učbenike in prehrano. Občine imajo zelo veliko avtonomijo glede organizacije izobraževanja. Prebivalci občine pogosto tudi donirajo sredstva, da se v šoli omogoči nova pridobitev. Finci verjamejo, da je vsaka šola dobra, zato otroci vedno obiskujejo šolo, ki jim je najbližje. Spodbujajo in razvijajo sistem vključevanja vseh otrok s posebnimi potrebami v običajne šole in jim omogočajo dodatno pomoč in prilagoditve.
Ponedeljek, 8. oktober
Ogledali smo si višjo srednjo šolo za dijake od 16. do 19. leta in popoldne še nižjo srednjo šolo za učence od 12. do 16. leta. Vsi dijaki morajo v šoli obvezno uporabljati prenosni računalnik, veliko delajo v skupinah na medpredmetnih projektih. Šole so zelo dobro opremljene, učenci imajo možnost izbiranja predmetov. Za otroke z učnimi težavami imajo vzpostavljen sistem s tristopenjsko podporo. Imajo tudi posebne razrede z majhnim številom učencev s posebnimi potrebami. Učenec je lahko nekaj časa v posebnem razredu, potem pa se ponovno vključi v normalen razred. Zvečer smo imeli družabni večer s poudarkom na spoznavanju različnih kultur. Obiskali smo finsko savno in se potopili v mrzlo jezero (7 °C). Izbrane zanimivosti: manjkajočega učitelja lahko nadomešča vsak učitelj iz Joensuuja, ni potrebno, da je z iste šole. Od leta 1994 nimajo šolskih inšpektorjev. Učitelji so bolj statični in redko hodijo na izobraževanja v tujino. Približno 50 % učencev se pri 16 letih odloči za poklicno šolo, tudi če imajo zelo visoke ocene. Obrtniški poklici so dobro plačani.
Torek, 9. oktober
Obiskali smo osnovno šolo, na kateri so učenci od 7. do 12. leta. Prisotni smo bili pri pouku v običajnem razredu in v manjšem razredu, v katerem specialna pedagoginja dela z majhnim številom otrok, ki potrebujejo dodatno pomoč. Kasneje smo imeli predavanje in delo po skupinah z različnimi učnimi pripomočki. Pri učencih z disleksijo veliko uporabljajo avdioknjige. Seznanili smo se s programom SymWriter, kjer je poleg besede še slika, ki močno olajša učenje branja. Izbrane zanimivosti: učenci imajo samo en obrok v šoli, zajtrkujejo doma, po pouku pa gredo številni sami domov. Zelo so samostojni.
Sreda, 10. oktober
Zjutraj smo se odpravili v naravni park Koli, ki je približno 70 km oddaljen od Joensuuja. Ceste so povečini ravne, na obeh straneh se razprostirajo gozdovi, predvsem smreka, bor in breza, med njimi pa se vsake toliko zasveti jezero. Na poti nazaj smo obiskali še eno osnovno šolo. Na naša zvedava vprašanja je odgovarjala ravnateljica šole. Dnevno imajo od 4 do 6 ur, pouk se začne ob 8.30, med glavnim odmorom pa morajo vsi na zunanje igrišče. Sledila je še skupna večerja, ki smo jo organizirali sami udeleženci izobraževanja. Izbrane zanimivosti: v osnovni šoli tolerirajo, da se učenec s posebnimi potrebami lahko prosto giba po razredu.
Četrtek, 11. oktober
Zjutraj smo delali z vodilno psihologinjo v Joensuuju. Spoznali smo, da poleg učiteljev za otroke s posebnimi potrebami skrbijo še psihologi, specialni pedagogi in socialni delavci. Tudi na Finskem bi si želeli imeti več takšnih delavcev, saj jih na šolah primanjkuje. Izbrane zanimivosti: 20 % učencev na Finskem obravnavajo kot učence s posebnimi potrebami. V primeru, ko učenec manjka pri določeni uri pouka, učitelj odsotnost zabeleži v računalniški program, ki pošlje sporočilo staršem. Starši opravičijo izostanek preko telefona.
Bili smo zelo odprta in zabavna skupina udeležencev. Verjamem, da bomo z nekaterimi ostali v stiku in izmenjevali mnenja in izkušnje.
Jure Laznik
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